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A Xicana Re-Vision of the Chicano Mural Movement

As a Xicana feminist scholar contributing to a social art history that re-contextualizes Chicano/a muralism, I write about Chicano muralism using a Xicana feminist “re-vision.” My positionality as a first-generation Xicana artist is an integral aspect of my visual analysis because I analyze Chicano muralism without strictly abiding to the standard of the three greats in Mexican muralism; Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, and José Clemente Orozco. I am very familiar with Mexican murals not just because of my academic training but also through my upbringing as Mexican American with Mexican parents, Mexican and Indigenous grandparents, and with family members still living in Mexico. I approach the analysis of Chicano murals as uniquely their own thing — with some influence from the Mexican muralists. Typically, art historical methodologies do not involve subjectivity and identity as part of the analytical strategy of interpreting an image, which arguably is why my dissertation is a form of activism. I view and engage with the history of Chicana/o murals through a personal familiarity and not simply to objectify or distance myself from it. My visual analysis on Chicano murals incorporates a lens or perspective that emphasizes the experiences of womxn of color artists in the Chicano art movement in what I introduce as a “Xicana re-vision” of the Chicano mural movement.

The term “Xicano/a/x” is derived from what scholar Dylan A.T. Miner referred to as “Xicano/a” as people who are generally known as Chicanos or Mexican Americans but “pay particular attention to the Indigenist turn in Xicano identity and politics. From this perspective, to be Xicano is to be Indigenous. This spelling pays homage to the use by activists and artists who, for decades, have employed this spelling in reference to written Náhuatl” (Miner, Creating Aztlán, University of Arizona Press, 2014, 221). The term “Xicanista” introduced by Chicana feminist scholar Ana Castillo is defined as an “activista (female activist), when her flesh, mind and soul serve as a lightning rod for the confluence of her consciousness (not just Chicana, not activista for La Raza, not only a feminist but Chicana feminist), is the new generation of women that now has documentation of her particular history in the form of books, plays, murals, art, and even films that the culturalists have produced” (Castillo, Massacre of the Dreamers, University of New Mexico Press, 1994, 100-101).

The use of the term Xicano/a/x compared to Chicano/a/x is a complicated debate that continues today in academic and public forums. I intentionally use the term Xicana/x because of my connection to indigeneity through my grandparents, my academic training, and to respectfully acknowledge Indigenous people, language, and culture as American art. In addition, I write about womxn of color as artists, activists, but also as the protagonists of the Chicano art movement. My inquiries revolve around the general history of Chicano murals. What is the known history of womxn artists/muralists in the Chicano art movement since the mid 1960s? What are portable murals? What imagery and materials are used to create the portable murals? The early period of “Chicano muralism,” or the Chicano mural movement, between 1966 to 1970 was described by art historian Alan W. Barnett as Chicano “community murals” that were a form of “activism with a direct impact on the notion of identity, socio-political issues, and community outreach” (Barnett, Community Murals: The People’s Art, Art Alliance Press, 1984, 65). As the Chicano movement gained momentum art historian Shifra M. Goldman described the art movement as a “grassroots explosion” of artistic production which could be considered a “Chicano Renaissance.” Goldman compared the Chicano art and mural movement to the Harlem Renaissance (Goldman, Dimensions of the Americas, University of Chicago Press, 1994, 300).

During this “Chicano Renaissance '' period, from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, the creative strides made by womxn artists, some of which became full-time muralists while others produced murals occasionally, must be accounted for. For example, Chicana artist Carlotta d.R. Espinoza produced two portable murals on canvas titled Mujeres Heroes (Women Heroes) now destroyed and a surviving mural titled A Tribute to Three Mexican Heroes. Both murals were created in Colorado as a response to the Chicano Movement in Denver as early as 1968. I also analyze Espinoza’s portable murals alongside other womxn artists and muralists in California. This includes artists such as Judith F. Baca, Barbara Carrasco, Yreina Cervantez, who are commonly known in Los Angeles to other areas of California such as Chicana and Latina artists Carmen Léon, Juana Alicia, and Patricia Rodríguez in the San Francisco Bay Area. My research demonstrates the interconnecting ideas of the Chicano art movement, showcasing the possibilities of social justice and self-representation within each mural, but also acknowledging the artist — whether they identify as Chicana/x, Latina/x, Mexican, Mexican American, Hispanic, Indigenous, or Central American. I write womxn artists and muralists into Chicano mural history to enrich the canon on muralism in the Americas. Mexican muralists and artists such as Aurora Reyes, Rina Lazo Wasem, and María Izquierdo also join the ranks of this elite group of womxn artists who envisioned a more just future.

As I write, I am reminded of what Chicana/x feminist scholar Gloria E. Anzaldúa wrote about Chicano/a art and the use of the Indigenous language Náhuatl to express a connection to indigeneity but also to uplift it. In the early 1990s, she wrote about her experience visiting the Denver Museum of Natural History to view the exhibition titled Aztec: The World of Moctezuma. Anzaldúa described the voice of Chicano actor Edward James Olmos narrating the audio tour speaking in Náhuatl and said, “Though I wonder if Olmos and we Chicana/o writers and artists also are misappropriating the Náhuatl language and images, hearing the words and seeing the images boosts my spirits.” She continued to add, “I feel that I am part of something profound outside my personal self. This sense of connection and community compels Chicana/o writers/artists to delve into, sift through, and re-work native imagery” (Keating ed., Anzaldúa, “Border Arte: Nepantla el luger de la Frontera,” in The Gloria E. Anzaldúa Reader, Duke University Press, 2009, 177-178). Anzaldúa’s acknowledgement of “border arte and artists” as change makers, disrupters, influencers, and original creators of their own narratives provides the foundation for new generations of Xicano/a/x artists and muralists to thrive.

Gaby R. Gomez @profeladyxoc

Congreso de Artistas Chicanos en Aztlan (Mario Torero with Zapilote, Rocky, el Leon) Zade
Los Angeles, California
Judith F. Baca
Los Angeles, California
Judith F. Baca
Los Angeles, California
Judith F. Baca
Los Angeles, California
Judith F. Baca
Los Angeles, California
Judith F. Baca
Los Angeles, California
Judith F. Baca
Los Angeles, California
Judith F. Baca
Los Angeles, California
Levi Ponce
Los Angeles, California
Manuel Cruz
Los Angeles, California
Las Mujeres Muralistas (Patricia Rodriguez, Graciela Carrillo, Consuelo Mendez, Irene Perez)
Los Angeles, California
Yreina Cervantez
Los Angeles, California
Sonia Romero Photographer: Elon Schoenholz
Los Angeles, California
Sonia Romero Photographer: Elon Schoenholz
Los Angeles, California
Levi Ponce and Ernie “Serv One” Rojas. Photographer: Javier Martinez
Los Angeles (Pacoima), California
Wayne Alaniz-Healy and David Rivas Botella
Los Angeles, California
Eduardo Carrilo, Sergio Hernandez, Ramses Noriega, and Saul Solache
Los Angeles, California
Victor Ochoa
San Diego, California
Mario Torero
San Diego, Chicano Park, California
CACA Congreso de Artistas Chicanos en Aztlán
San Diego, Chicano Park, California
Alfredo Larin and Chicano Park Community
San Diego, Chicano Park, California
Victor Marka27 Quiñonez
Lynn, Massachusetts

Juana Alicia
San Francisco, California

David Ocelotl Garcia
Denver, Colorado
Leo Tanguma
Denver, Colorado
Carlos Fresquez & MSU Students from “Community Painting: The Mural” Course
Denver, Colorado
Emanuel Martinez
Denver, Colorado
Emanuel Martinez
Denver, Colorado
Victor Marka27 Quiñonez
Denver, Colorado
Common Arts (Ray Patlan, Osha Neumann, Anna de Leon, O’Brien Thele)
Berkeley, California
Victor Marka27 Quiñonez
Washington, DC
Rock Martinez
Tucson, Arizona
David Ocelotl Garcia
Pueblo, Colorado
Gabriel Villa
Chicago, Illinois
Sam Kirk
Chicago, Illinois
Salvador Jiménez
Chicago, Illinois
Salvador Jiménez
Chicago, Illinois
Chema Skandal
Chicago, Illinois
Chema Skandal
Chicago, Illinois
Royal Chicano Air
Sacramento, California
Victor Marka27 Quiñonez
Boulder, Colorado
Jane Madrigal, Jose Cosme, & Louie Alejandro
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Israel “Izzy” Rico
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Debbie Esparza, Juan Ramos, Andy Rivas, Angel Hernandez, Brandy Salinas, Eduardo Urbano, Enrico Salinas, Jessica Garcia, Juan Francisco, Ruben Serafin Damien Salkin & youth team
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Alex Rubio, Ruth Buentelo, Oscar Flores, Damien Hernandez, Victor Mena
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Cruz Ortiz, Carlos Espinoza, Cardee, Gerry Garcia, Adriana Abundis & Youth volunteers
San Antonio, Texas Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Adrian “El Caminante” Cervantez, Carlos Herandez, Manuel “MEME” Castillo, Rina “Taco Lady” Moreno, Patti “Bunkhaus” Radle, Luna family siblings, Mike Kokinda; youth volunteers: Angela, “El Bob,” El Necio Kid, Ricardo, Emilio, Rebecca Lopez, Eric
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Adrian “El Caminante” Cervantez, Carlos Herandez, Manuel “MEME” Castillo, Rina “Taco Lady” Moreno, Patti “Bunkhaus” Radle, Luna family siblings, Mike Kokinda; youth volunteers: Angela, “El Bob,” El Necio Kid, Ricardo, Emilio, Rebecca Lopez, Eric , Original 1994 – Restored 1999
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Mary Helen Herrera, Ricardo Islas, Cardee Garcia, Gerry Garcia, David Blancas, Ruth Buentello, Alvaro Ramirez, Patrick Luna, Alejandro Garcia, Victor “Supher” Zarazua
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Cruz Ortiz, Lisa Veracruz, Ruth Buentello, San Antonio Youth Centers, House of Teens, Fuerza Unida Youth, Southwest Workers YLO, Cardee Garcia, Gerry Garcia, Ana Cavasos, Joseph Cavasos, Melinda Higgins, Imelda, Alejandro Padilla, Fabian Diaz, Adriana Garcia, Rico Salinas, Daisy Hernandez, Yasmin Codina, Clarissa Duran, Charlie, Ricardo Briones, Maricela Olguin, Celeste DeLuna, Alejandro, Cristina Ordonez, Arturo Morales, Eddie Chavez, Michaela Jacobson, Serenity Hernandez
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Rigoberto Luna, Ruth Buentello Restoration crew members: Bianca Arguellez, Brian Arista, Kim Bishop, David Blancas, Celeste de Luna, Adriana Garcia, Alejandro Garcia, Cardee Garcia, Christian Rodriguez, Alex Rubio, Alexandra Salinas, Enrico “Caso” Salinas, Julio Trevino
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Juan Ramos, Mike Roman, Janette Torres
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Israel “Izzy” Rico
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Jesse Treviño
San Antonio, Texas
Augustine “Fugi” Villa, Lisa Mendiola
San Antonio, Texas
Courtesy of San Anto Cultural Arts
Ana Hernandez Burwell
San Antonio, Texas
Victor Marka27 Quiñonez
Worcester, Massachusetts